Monday, August 12, 2013

First Day of the New School Year

Today marked the first day of school in Wauconda, an institute day for teachers, so I had the honor of being the first speaker up to welcome everybody back. It gave me a chance to use some of the information from some of my recent blog posts to talk a little bit about why education is so important.
Enjoy.  




It seems that lately my world has been overrun with things that make no sense to me.  
Last week, a survey by the University of Texas and the newspaper The Texas Tribune showed that only 35% of those responding agreed with the statement “Humans developed from earlier species.”  Only 41% disagreed with the statement “Humans and dinosaurs lived at the same time.”  I keep seeing in my mind the Lewis Black video where he now realizes that, for a large number of people, the Flintstones was a documentary. 

And a story popped up in the news about how vaccinations lead to all kinds of serious problems, including most notably, autism.  I thought this nonsense had been put to rest, but every so often it pops up again. The most recent major study published in the New England Journal of Medicine followed half a million children through their vaccinations and showed without much doubt that there is no link whatsoever between vaccination and autism. The doctor who started this whole antivax scare has been discredited, his medical license revoked, and his research labeled an elaborate fraud by the British Medical Journal. This whole discussion is reminiscent of the advice given in the 1940’s that children should not eat ice cream because it leads to polio. The feeling was that polio cases increased in the summer at almost exactly the same time that children started eating ice cream. Therefore “one of those must cause the other.” Luckily within ten years, researchers had isolated the polio virus and were well on the way to developing a vaccine that has worked very well. In that case misled parents may have withheld ice cream from their children, which has no long lasting consequences.  However when parents withhold vaccinations from their children, they are putting not only themselves, but also all the other children their children come in contact with in danger.  

And a third story made even less sense when I saw that coming in in 6th place on the box office results this week with a total of $47 million dollars in ticket sales was Smurfs 2.  

Folks, it’s a scary world out there and the level of irrationality has grown to an all time high. And that makes it even more important that we provide our children with the most rigorous education that we can provide. Not because of No Child Left Behind or because of Common Core, but because an education is the surest way to provide for an informed and rational citizenry. Aristotle said, “The educated differ from the uneducated as much as the living from the dead.”   


So, the pressures on you as teachers have never been higher. And in some areas the support has never been lower. I have mentioned in the past the results of the Phi Delta Kappan survey on public education that says,  
“Public education – it stinks and teachers are terrible – well, not at my kids’ public schools. Their teachers are great and my kids love it there, but, you know, public education stinks.”   

The Board of Education would like to welcome you to the start of another school year and most importantly, we would like to thank you for the tremendous service you are doing for the children of District 118 and to recognize publicly the significant positive impact you have had on the students who have passed through District 118 schools.   

Thank you very much and have a great year.    



Friday, August 9, 2013

Texas? Really?

I know every state in the Union has issues of some sort or another. When it comes to my state, Illinois, I know that one of the things we lead the nation in is governmental corruption. At one point, I think we had three consecutive governors spending time in jail for various offenses committed while they were governor. Yay, Illinois. So it is hard, in general, for Illinois people to poke fun at other states. But this is just too much low hanging fruit to ignore.

A new University of Texas/Texas Tribune survey shows just how destructive a politicized right-wing curriculum can be. A large number of Texans polled said they still don’t believe in evolution and are convinced that humans and dinosaurs co-existed:
51 percent disagree with the statement, “Human beings, as we know them today, developed from earlier species of animals.”
38 percent agree with the statement, “God created human beings pretty much in their present form about 10,000 years ago.”
30 percent agree with the statement, “Humans and dinosaurs lived at the same time.” Another 30 percent said they “don’t know” whether the statement is true.




This would be comical if it weren't for the fact that these same people are again in charge of choosing science textbooks to use in their schools.The Texas State Board of Education is looking to set state standards for science teaching this year. And the creationists on the board are looking to set the children of Texas back a hundred years in their education. Most of the people involved in this tragedy think they are doing it for religious reasons. If so, their interpretation of the Bible is seriously flawed.

Take, for example, Kenneth Miller, a Roman Catholic professor of biology at Brown University and author of one of the nation’s leading high school textbooks. His biology textbook, fully in support of evolution, is among those the Texas state board is considering for adoption this year. Or consider Francis S. Collins, an evangelical Christian and head of the Human Genome Project. From a Time magazine piece about Collins in 2009:
“Science can’t be put together with a literalist interpretation of Genesis,” he continues. “For one thing, there are two different versions of the creation story — in Genesis 1 and 2 — so right from the start, you’re already in trouble. Christians should think of Genesis not as a book about science but about the nature of God and the nature of humans," Collins believes. “Evolution gives us the ‘how,’ but we need the Bible to understand the ‘why’ of our creation.”
You would think that the overwhelming (let me say that again - OVERWHELMING) basis for evolution would sway some people. Unfortunately, creationists have proudly rejected out of hand the  scientific evidence behind evolution. They have reveled, as former Texas state board chairman Don McLeroy infamously said, in “standing up to experts.”

What can you say to that?

I'll leave it to an "expert" to get in the last word. Warning, some explicit language is involved here. If it bothers you, you may want to skip this.





Thursday, August 8, 2013

Today's Math Lesson: Braess's Paradox

So, it seems like this whole summer around Wauconda we have been practicing merging from two lanes down to one. A six mile stretch of Route 12 is in the process of being repaved and each day they block off a new section to fill in all the potholes. I assume they want the road fairly level before they install the new surface. During one of these interminable waits, I happened to recall a problem from network theory (with some connections to game theory) that I remember talking about with my advanced students fifteen or twenty years ago. It took a while to find it, but it turns out it appeared in the New York Times in December of 1990. It was probably used in a talk that I heard at a math conference sometime after that and I knew my students would be interested in it.    

It is called Braess's Paradox, first described by Dietrich Braess of the Institute for Numerical and Applied Mathematics in Munster, Germany in 1968. To understand the paradox, we need the diagram below (from Wikipedia):   







Assume that there are two roads leading from START to END, one that passes through A and one that passes through B. For the moment, ignore the dashed line that is a road from A to B. The travel time in minutes for the passengers on the START to A road is the number of passengers (T) divided by 100 and the travel time from START to B is a constant 45 minutes. As you can see the times are flipped for the next section of the trip (A or B to END). To do the math, let's assume there are 4000 passengers who want to make the trip from START to END. For A passengers, the START to A to END trip takes A/100 + 45 minutes, and the START to B to END trip for B passengers takes 45 + B/100 minutes. For any one person (who cannot by themselves affect what A or B is to any extent) both paths look pretty much the same. Since A + B = 4000, it can be shown that the optimal solution is to just randomly pick a path with the result that A = B = 2000 (roughly). Then the total time to travel from START to END would be 2000/100 (which is 20) + 45 for a total time of 65 minutes regardless of the path you picked. Even if you are a selfish driver, there is no incentive to pick one path over the other. (For you econ and game theory buffs, this is called a Nash equilibrium, after John Nash, the mathematician profiled in the movie A Beautiful Mind.)    

Braess's paradox has to do with what happens when you try to ease the congestion by adding another road that runs from A to B that has a very short driving time (think 0 minutes for the purpose of the problem). Now when a single driver looks at the choices from START to the middle, even if all 4000 drivers go to A, the driving time is 40 minutes (4000/100), which is less than the 45 minutes to go from START to B. And similarly when they get to the middle, every driver sees that they can save five minutes by switching from from A to B. That makes each part of their drive 40 minutes for a total driving time of 80 minutes, 15 minutes longer than the time without the road from A to B.  From a game theory viewpoint, when everyone in the game acts selfishly, then everyone suffers.    

In an inverse way, that's what prompted the New York Times article. In the late 1980's, the Earth Day celebration in New York caused a lot of traffic congestion. In 1990, the Traffic Commissioner decided to lessen the car traffic congestion by closing one of the streets - in fact, a fairly major street, 42nd Avenue, which is always congested. Everyone thought it would be a disaster. In fact, traffic flow got better that year. Braess's paradox in action. When the streets are crowded, sometimes traffic improves when there are fewer streets to choose from.     

From the Times article:   
Dr. Joel E. Cohen, a mathematician at Rockefeller University in New York, says the paradox does not always hold; each traffic network must be analyzed on its own. When a network is not congested, adding a new street will indeed make things better. But in the case of congested networks, adding a new street probably makes things worse at least half the time, mathematicians say.     
Something to think about the next time you are stuck on Ohio Street, trying to get to the Garrett's popcorn store on Michigan Avenue.   


Tuesday, August 6, 2013

Typical summer day in 1960: played Home Run Derby until dinner; then rode my bike home, ate dinner, and read a book.

The 9 - 14 year olds who belong to National Public Radio's Backseat Book Club have nominated tons of books for NPR's Booklist of best books for the 9 - 14 set. A set of experts then chose the top 100 from those nominated. This is a diverse group: the 9 year olds are in 3rd or 4th grade, the 14 year olds are just starting high school, So these books are not for everyone in the entire age group. They do, however, give a remarkably wide range of books for kids to choose from. Ann and I went through the list tonight - she did better than I did, but there were still a lot of books that I have read from the list. And it's not too late: a YA book can be just as well written as an adult novel, and more interesting. I found several that I need to look up on Amazon for my Kindle.

Here they are; the books in green, red, or  blue (depending on my excitement level) would be high on my list:

Watership Down, by Richard Adams        (described by the editors as The Aeneid with rabbits)
The Wolves of Willoughby Chase, by Joan Aiken
Little Women, by Louisa May Alcott
The Chronicles of Prydain series, by Lloyd Alexander
The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian, by Sherman Alexie  (part of my literary summer)
The Strange Case of Origami Yoda series, by Tom Angleberger
The One and Only Ivan, by Katherine Applegate
Mr. Popper's Penguins, by Richard and Florence Atwater
Poppy, by Avi
Tuck Everlasting, by Natalie Babbitt
Peter Pan, by J.M. Barrie
Oz series, by Frank Baum
The House With a Clock in its Walls, by John Bellairs
Are You There, God? It's Me, Margaret, by Judy Blume
Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing, by Judy Blume
Caddie Woodlawn, by Carol Ryrie Brink
The Secret Garden, by Frances Hodgson Burnett
Ender's Game, by Orson Scott Card
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, by Lewis Carroll
The House on Mango Street, by Sandra Cisneros
Ramona series, by Beverly Cleary
The Dark is Rising series, by Susan Cooper
Walk Two Moons, by Sharon Creech
The Watsons Go To Birmingham-1963, by Christopher Paul Curtis
Catherine, Called Birdy, by Karen Cushman
D'Aulaires' Book of Greek Myths, by Ingri and Edgar Parin d'Aulaire
James and the Giant Peach, by Roald Dahl
Danny the Champion of the World, by Roald Dahl
Matilda, by Roald Dahl
The Little Prince, by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
Because of Winn-Dixie, by Kate DiCamillo
The City of Ember, by Jeanne DuPrau
Half Magic, by Edward Eager
The Last of the Really Great Whangdoodles, by Julie Edwards
The Saturdays, by Elizabeth Enright
The Birchbark House, by Louise Erdrich
The Hundred Dresses, by Eleanor Estes
House of the Scorpion, by Nancy Farmer
Harriet the Spy, by Louise Fitzhugh
The Lincolns, by Candice Fleming
The Diary of Anne Frank, by Anne Frank
Eleanor Roosevelt, by Russell Freedman
The Graveyard Book, by Neil Gaiman
Julie of the Wolves, by Jean CraigheadGeorge
My Side of the Mountain, by Jean CraigheadGeorge
Misty of Chincoteague, by Marguerite Henry
Bunnicula, by James Howe
Redwall series, by Brian Jacques
The Phantom Tollbooth, by Norton Juster
Diary of a Wimpy Kid series, by Jeff Kinney
The Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankwiler, by E.L. Konigsburg
A Wrinkle in Time series, by Madeleine L'Engle
Inside Out and Back Again, by Thanhha Lai
The Earthsea Cycle series, by Ursula K. Le Guin   (well-written fantasy makes children think)
To Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee
Ella Enchanted, by Gail Carson Levine
The Chronicles of Narnia series, by C.S. Lewis
Where the Mountain Meets the Moon, by Grace Lin
Number the Stars, by Lois Lowry
The Giver, by Lois Lowry
Sarah, Plain and Tall, by Patricia MacLachlan
The Complete Tales of Winnie-the-Pooh, by A.A. Milne
Anne of Green Gables series, by Lucy Maud Montgomery
The Borrowers, by Mary Norton
Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH, by Robert C. O'Brien
Island of the Blue Dolphins, by Scott O'Dell
Wonder, by R.J. Palacio
Bridge to Terabithia, by Katherine Paterson
Hatchet, by Gary Paulsen
A Long Way From Chicago series, by Richard Peck
The Twenty-One Balloons, by William Pène du Bois
The Wee Free Men, by Terry Pratchett   (Can a book get any better than this?)
His Dark Materials series, by Phillip Pullman
Where The Red Fern Grows, by Wilson Rawls
Percy Jackson & the Olympians series, by Rick Riordan
Harry Potter series, by J. K. Rowling
Esperanza Rising, by Pam Munoz Ryan
Holes, by Louis Sachar
Okay For Now, by Gary Schmidt
The Cricket in Times Square, by George Selden
The Invention of Hugo Cabret, by Brian Selznick   I bought this right after the movie came out      
Bomb, by Steven Sheinkin
A Tree Grows In Brooklyn, by Betty Smith
The Bone Series, by Jeff Smith       (a graphic arts novel (we called them comic books))  
A Series of Unfortunate Events books, by Lemony Snicket
The Witch of Blackbird Pond, by Elizabeth George Speare
Maniac Magee, by Jerry Spinelli
When You Reach Me, by Rebecca Stead
The Egypt Game, by Zilpha Keatley Snyder
The Arrival, by Shaun Tan
The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales, by Maria Tatar
Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry, by Mildred D. Taylor
All-of-a-Kind Family, by Sydney Taylor
The Hobbit, by J.R.R. Tolkien
Mary Poppins, by P.L. Travers
Charlotte's Web, by E.B. White
The Sword in the Stone, by Terence Hanbury White
Little House on the Prairie series, by Laura Ingalls Wilder
One Crazy Summer, by Rita Williams-Garcia
American Born Chinese, by Gene Luen Yang

Glad to see Bunnicula and the Redwall series make it. I'm never sure they are on the expert's radars. Sorry that The Westing Game didn't make the list. Hope these books made your childhood more enjoyable and more imaginative. What are your favorites? I think I know someone who would put  The Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankwiler near the top of his list. 


Let's Save Some Lives ! !

August has become Blogust to the UN Foundation's Shot @ Life campaign. This marvelous campaign seeks to 
"educate, connect and empower the championing of vaccines as one of the most cost effective ways to save the lives of children in the world’s hardest to reach places. "
Each day of this month, a guest blogger tells us why vaccination is important. Today it was Amanda Peet, an actress from one of my top ten rated TV shows (Let's go, Marshmallow Fight), Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip. Amanda in her post talks about her five year old daughter and what a health milestone worldwide 5 years old is.
She is joined in the campaign by Walgreen's, which is sending one vaccine oversees for each comment left to each of the 30 blogs done in August, up to a maximum of 50,000 vaccines.

A comment from Shannon as simple as     Yay for vaccines :)    has earned a vaccine for a young boy or girl.

A child dies every 20 seconds from a vaccine-preventable disease. We can change this reality and help save kids’ lives!   Stay connected with Shot@Life at www.shotatlife.org, join the campaign on Facebook and follow them on Twitter

I sent a $20 donation as well. My $20 "gives a child a lifetime of immunity to protect her from pneumonia, diarrhea, polio and measles."

So send what you can. Comment on the blog posts during the month and help Walgreen's make good on its promise to sent 50,000 vaccines.

Sign up here for a daily email so you can quickly and easily comment every day during Blogust.

It really is an important step in helping that toddler make it to her fifth birthday party.

Thanks.  I knew I could count on you.